TXN and diabetes mellitus: Thioredoxin-interacting protein (TXNIP) has been defined as a pro-oxidative stress, pro-inflammatory and pro-apoptotic protein that is strongly induced by diabetes and high glucose (HG) in most tissues examined, including pancreatic beta and retinal cells.1, 2 TXNIP binds to thioredoxin (Trx) and inhibits its thiol-reducing and oxidant-scavenging activity, thereby triggering cellular oxidative stress and apoptosis.3 Trx1 is found in the cytosol and nucleus, whereas Trx2 is the mitochondrial isoform.