ULK1 and hydrops fetalis: HF induces or inhibits autophagy through modulation of Akt-mTORC1-ULK1 or LKB1-AMPK-ULK1 signaling pathway presented at the current work in combination with our previous report.15 Our investigations of autophagic flux also validated the hypothesis that HF can dually regulate elongation stage for autophagosome formation.