ULK1 and colorectal carcinoma: As AMPK can directly regulate phosphorylation at Ser317/Ser777 of ULK1, we detected phosphorylated AMPK and phosphorylated ULK1 at Ser317/Ser777, and found that HF downregulated the AMPK-ULK1 signaling pathway in CRC cells cultured in EBSS medium (Figure 2c).