ULK1 and neoplasm: The phosphorylation site at Ser757 is directly regulated by mTORC1 while phosphorylation sites at Ser317/Ser777 are directly regulated by AMPK.17, 29 In the initiation stage, intriguingly, HF induces autophagy through the Akt-mTORC1-ULK1 signaling pathway, whereas it inhibits autophagy via the LKB1-AMPK-ULK1 signaling pathway, indicating that HF not only impedes tumor initiation but also retards tumor growth through an autophagic pathway depending on nutritional status.