The phosphorylation site at Ser757 is directly regulated by mTORC1 while phosphorylation sites at Ser317/Ser777 are directly regulated by AMPK.17, 29 In the initiation stage, intriguingly, HF induces autophagy through the Akt-mTORC1-ULK1 signaling pathway, whereas it inhibits autophagy via the LKB1-AMPK-ULK1 signaling pathway, indicating that HF not only impedes tumor initiation but also retards tumor growth through an autophagic pathway depending on nutritional status. This evidence concerns the gene STK11 and neoplasm.