For example, a recent study has identified a pathophysiological mechanism for the generation of absence seizures in the Gria4−/− mice model of absence epilepsy, for which the TRN receive reduced excitatory inputs from the direct Ctx-TRN neural projections (Paz et al., 2011; Paz and Huguenard, 2015). This evidence concerns the gene CYP27A1 and juvenile absence epilepsy.