Of note, HIV-1 infection and c-Src activation have been shown to have a reciprocal relationship in the literature with reports demonstrating that c-Src activation was increased in human Jurkat T cells 24 h after HIV-1 infection (Phipps et al., 1996) and in activated primary human CD4 T cells within 1 h of infection, as compared to uninfected controls, and that both chemical inhibition and siRNA knockdown of c-Src decreased infectivity of Nef-deficient HIV-1 reporter viruses by more than 50% in primary human CD4 T cells, in vitro (McCarthy et al., 2016). Here, CD4 is linked to HIV-1 infection.