TNF and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: Vaspin interacts with GRP78, a cell membrane glucose-regulated protein, to induce intracellular signaling in vascular smooth muscle cells that inhibits reactive oxidative species, MAPK, PI3K/Akt, and the phosphorylation of NF-kB and PKCθ induced by TNF-α, which improves glucose and lipid metabolism and relieves metabolic dysfunction and inflammatory responses in obesity [111, 113, 114].