TGF-β-induced apoptosis is mediated via binding to ALK5 [19, 39], and BMP-7 showed similar signaling pattern to TGF-β in the B-cell lymphoma cell line Mino with phosphorylation of both Smad 1/5 and Smad 2/3, although at lower levels (S5 Fig). The gene discussed is TGFBR1; the disease is B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma.