Compared to those in vehicle- and TMab4-i-treated tumour tissues, RT11-i-treated tumour tissues showed significantly reduced levels of phosphorylated MEK1/2, ERK1/2 and Akt (Fig. 6b and Supplementary Fig. 11b,c) and decreased staining for the cell proliferation marker Ki-67, as well as increased apoptosis as measured by TUNEL-staining, only for oncogenic Ras mutant tumour cells (Supplementary Fig. 11d,e). This evidence concerns the gene MAPK3 and neoplasm.