TNF and hepatocellular carcinoma: Earlier studies have reported that oncostatin M, interleukin 6 (IL-6), interleukin 1 (IL-1), transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) 1, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) have been detected in the conditioned media prepared from human macrophages and shown to stimulate LDL uptake and degradation in a human hepatoma cell line [32, 33].