TGFB1 and systemic lupus erythematosus: Torabinejad et al. (2012) investigated TGF-β, among other noncytokine immune molecules, and evaluated its effect on diagnosis of lupus nephritis in patients with SLE; the study established a cutoff point of 54.2 pg/mL TGF-β (sensitivity: 71.4%; specificity: 95.6%) [46].