In our study, we demonstrate activation of the NF-κB signaling pathway by showing significant upregulation of intranuclear NF-κB p65, phosphorylated IκBα and enhanced TNF-α/IL-1β/IL-6 in addition reduced cytosolic p65 in the hippocampus of the rat AD model (Figures 6, 7). Here, TNF is linked to Alzheimer disease.