IL1B and colitis: Figure 3 is a schematic representation of the intestinal inflammatory pathway expression altered by HY supplementation in DSS-induced colitis. In this pathway, Stat4 tyrosine phosphorylation is induced by IL-12; this is required for the T-cell-independent induction of the cytokine IFN-γ [12], and then in response to the TLR stimulation, both lymphoid and non-lymphoid cells can produce the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL6 [13], which together with TNFα and IL1β are considered to be the major pro-inflammatory cytokines.