Viruses engineered to not produce C have been shown to synthesize more double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) during infection, a PAMP which would lead to activation of transcription from the IFN-β promoter through protein kinase R (PKR) [44, 45] as well as through MDA-5, whereas dsRNA is not produced by wild type viruses [46–48]. Here, EIF2AK2 is linked to infection.