HMOX1 and urinary bladder cancer: Both HO-1 and Nrf2 expression are elevated in specimens of bladder cancer [185] and, in particular, in tissue specimens from patients with primary non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) [186] the high expression of HO-1 was detected in 33% of all primary NMIBC cases examined and the expression was significantly associated with adverse pathological characteristics, tumor progression, lower recurrence-free survival, and progression-free survival [186].