On the other hand, raised anti-MAP Abs titers have been found in individuals at continual interaction with infected animals such as veterinarians or livestock breeders; seropositivity among HCs and subjects at-risk for diabetes who do not develop clinical symptoms can be explained by exposure in early childhood to the extracellular phenotype of MAP that may confer natural immunity protective against mycobacterial infection [32]. The gene discussed is DDX41; the disease is diabetes mellitus.