PDCD1 and melanoma: Other studies showed that antibodies blocking PD-1 or PD-L1 are likely to provide a new benchmark for antitumor activity in immunotherapy.[72,73] Several clinical trials, which combine anti-PD-1 mAbs with cancer vaccines (melanoma, prostate cancer, renal cell carcinoma, and angiomyolipoma), antitumor mAbs (lymphoma), or chemotherapies (pancreatic cancer and NSCLC), have been planned or are in progress.[74] Thus, PD-L1 may be used as a prognostic marker and therapeutic target for those cancers, which provides impetus for the further investigation of its functions.