Activated M1 macrophages kill pathogens and tumor cells while M2 macrophages inhibit inflammatory response, improve tissue repair after inflammation or injury, and shield tumor immune surveillance.35 Because M2 macrophages are inflammation-suppressive, transformation of M2 macrophages to M1 macrophages, as that observed in the present study, indicates that ubiquitylated MFHAS1 exerts inflammation-stimulating and tumoricidal effects on macrophages. The gene discussed is MFHAS1; the disease is neoplasm.