Recently, simultaneous use of several inflammatory markers including cell-surface (e.g., triggering receptor expressed by myeloid cells-1, CD11b and CD62L) and soluble markers (IL-1beta, IL-6, IL-8, sTREM-1, Procalcitonin) has been used successfully to discriminate between VAP and non-VAP cases (34). The gene discussed is IL1B; the disease is ventilator-associated pneumonia.