Chronically, this induces inflammation and insulin resistance e.g., via JNK activation by IRE-1α, and via activation of the inhibitor of IκB kinase (IKK)β-nuclear factor (NF) κB pathway to up-regulate adipokine expression and release e.g., tumour necrosis factor (TNF)α, interleukin (IL)-6, and C-C motif chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2; also known as monocyte chemotactic protein 1). Here, CCL2 is linked to Insulin resistance.