EGF and cancer: Studies have reported that lidamycin inhibits DNA synthesis and causes cellular DNA breakage in cancer cells [35], EGF-IGF-LDP-AE also mainly exerted its cell-killing effect by damaging the DNA as single cell gel electrophoresis assay showed that a significant “comet tail” was observed after treatment with EGF-IGF-LDP-AE at 0.3 pmol/L and 3 pmol/L for 48 h (Supplementary Figure 4).