Comparison of the other variables (atherosis, necrosis, abruptio, edema, hemorrhage, thrombus, calcifications, fibrinoid deposits, syncytial nodes, villi/field, capillaries/villus, number of hemozoins per field, immune cells in decidua, cells in apoptosis, and expression of FAS, FASL, COX-1, HIF, VEGF, and cytokines IL-2, IL-4, IL-10, IFN-g, TNF, and TGF-b in placental blood and IL-2, IL-10, and TGF-b in maternal blood) was not statistically different according to the species of infection. Here, TNF is linked to infection.