MTOR and pancreatic neoplasm: It was reported that BMP2 induces the phosphorylation of mTOR and p70S6 kinase in lung cancer cell lines through a Smad 1/5–independent mechanism [54] and promotes motility and invasion of chondrosarcoma cells, gastric cancer cells and pancreatic cancer cells by activating PI3K/Akt signaling pathway [55-57].