Current therapeutic modalities, including “panretinal” laser photocoagulation to reduce retinal and optic nerve head NV, focal photocoagulation and, more recently the intraocular injections of anti-VEGF agents, has sparked a dramatic shift in the treatment of proliferative diabetic retinopathy and diabetic macular edema. The gene discussed is VEGFA; the disease is proliferative diabetic retinopathy.