CFA, complete Freund’s adjuvant; CIA, collagen-induced arthritis; CII, collagen II; DCs, dendritic cells; ESR, erythrocyte sedimentation rate; FLSs, fibroblast-like synovial cells; HIF-1α, hypoxia-inducible factor-α; IOD, integrated optical density; MDSCs, myeloid-derived suppressor cells; MMPs, matrix metalloproteinases; MVD, microvessel density; PTX, taxol; RA, rheumatoid arthritis; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor α; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor. Here, TNF is linked to rheumatoid arthritis.