DKK1 and age-related macular degeneration: In addition, our study analyzed association of decreased DKK-1 levels with odds ratios for risk of exudative AMD, further suggesting a correlation between the DKK-1 levels and exudative AMD, although further longitudinal studies are needed to correlate DKK-1 levels with the course of AMD at different stages in order to determine whether a lower DKK-1 level is a predictive factor for the development of exudative AMD.