CCL2 and Insulin resistance: IFN-γ, along with polarization of M1 macrophages, also promotes M1 cell expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-6, IL1β, IL12, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) [10], leading to insulin resistance [11].