In univariate analyses for pure mutants versus mixed and wild type infections, delivery samples had significantly increased prevalence of all mutations compared with both ANC and GP samples (all dhfr mutations, p ≤ 0.001; triple dhfr mutation, p ≤ 0.001; dhps S436 mutation, p = 0.014 for ANC/delivery and p ≤ 0.001 for GP/delivery; and dhps A437 mutation, p ≤ 0.001). Here, DHFR is linked to infection.