IL17A and Crohn disease: Recent studies have identified that in contrast to Th1 cells, which demonstrate stable lineage commitment after differentiation from naïve cells, Th17 cells retain some degree of plasticity which can give rise to so-called Th17/Th1 dual IL-17A-positive and IFNγ-positive cells.37 These potentially pathogenic cells have previously been identified in Crohn’s disease.38 We therefore used flow cytometry to explore if Th17/Th1 cells were present in UC and if there was any differential phenotype relative to αE expression.