IGF1R and cancer: We sought to elucidate the mechanism of AKT activation in CRC cells by examining many pathways that have been reported for regulating AKT in cancer cells [such as EGFR, IGFR, FGFR, and MET (Mayer and Arteaga, 2016)], and found that none of these pathways were activated in CRC cells by CM from LPECs (data not shown).