Additionally, HT and its metabolites significantly decreased secretion of E-selectin, P-selectin, intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) and vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1) in human aortic endothelial cells (HAEC) at physiological concentrations (1, 2, 5 and 10 μM) co-incubated with TNF-α for 18 and 24 h [11], concomitantly with reduction in markers of endothelial dysfunction that may contribute to the prevention of atherosclerosis [11]. Here, VCAM1 is linked to atherosclerosis.