TNF and Alzheimer disease: As we have summarized [110], cerebral TNF and consequentially extracellular cerebral glutamate are both chronically increased in Alzheimer’s disease, post-stroke syndromes, traumatic brain injury, and Parkinson’s disease, Huntingdon’s disease, amylotropic lateral sclerosis, septic encephalopathy, poor post-operative cognition, poor post-irradiation cognition, HIV dementia, cerebral malaria and viral encephalitides.