TGFB1 and Nematoda infectious disease: More recently, we have found that infection with Heterorhabditis nematodes regulates the TGF-β pathway in D. melanogaster adults, and inactivation of certain TGF-β ligands modulates the survival of flies to nematode infection and the persistence of the parasites in the mutant flies (Eleftherianos et al. 2016).