Upon infection with axenic or symbiotic S. carpocapsae, we found strong induction of several Heat Shock Protein (hsp)-coding genes, which can be attributed to the insect response to stress conditions during nematode penetration, invasion, and migration in the insect, which is accompanied by severe tissue damage (Feder and Hofmann 1999; Sorensen et al. 2005). This evidence concerns the gene HSP90B2P and infection.