INS and diabetes mellitus: Emerging from the notion that existing disease models may be poorly suited for our current understanding of diabetes, an alternative taxonomy has recently been proposed [13, 71]; referred to as the ‘palette’ model (as opposed to a subtype-oriented model), it posits that diabetes is caused by a large number of small perturbations (environmental and genetic) across the component pathways of disease (e.g. beta cell function, insulin sensitivity, autoimmunity).