For example, anti-CD40 can be employed to enhance activation of APCs (9), granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) can be used to increase the percentage of APCs, while anti-CTLA4 or PD-1 can act as immune checkpoint inhibitors, enhancing T cell action on the tumor cells (9, 10). This evidence concerns the gene CSF2 and neoplasm.