PTGS2 and colitis: We found that the NF-κB pathway is a major signaling pathway through building and analyzing the UC pathway, and the several targets (including COX2 and PPAR-γ) are involved in NF-κB pathways, Turkish gall mitigates the severity of colitis by improving the expression of PPAR-γ, leading to regulation of NF-κB control of the inflammatory response.