Pathways such as protein ubiquitination pathway, activation of interferon regulatory factors (IRFs) by cytosolic pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), CXC chemokine receptor4 (CXCR4) and C-C motif Chemokine Receptor 5 (CCR5) signaling in macrophages were found to be significantly modulated only with V3000 infection (Fig. 5a). This evidence concerns the gene CXCR4 and infection.