For example, V3000 infection resulted in significant upregulation of Lcn2 gene (also known as NGAL) which is expressed in a variety of cells and tissues including neutrophils, and has been implicated in autoimmune diseases, infections, inflammation, musculoskeletal diseases, metabolic diseases and is being investigated in a clinical trial as a biomarker for acute kidney injury [13]. Here, LCN2 is linked to autoimmune disease.