Although miR-503 expression was shown to be lower in metastatic compared to non-metastatic PCa xenografts [56], and several studies reported tumor suppressor properties of miR-503 [57, 58], in the context of T/E-induced TGF-β signaling miR-503 overexpression has tumor-promoting effects. This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and posterior cortical atrophy.