ZEB1 is associated with malignancy in glioma [35] and analysis of GBM patient specimens demonstrated that proinflammatory cytokines, such as CXCL12, IGFBP2, IL-1ß, TNF-a and MIF, correlate significantly with ZEB1 expression in tumor specimens (Supplementary Figure 2). Here, TNF is linked to glioblastoma.