DDIT3 and Insulin resistance: In a study in rats, fructose induced the mRNA and protein expression of ER stress markers, including GRP-78, PERK, IRE1α, and CHOP in the liver [81]; which on one hand might contribute to the hepatic activation of SREBP-1c and lipid accumulation in fructose-induced NAFLD [38], and on the other hand the increased ER-stress is also suggested to cause hepatic insulin resistance by increasing de novo lipogenesis [10,82].