MCAM and neoplasm: When we used an autophagy inhibitor, chloroquine [25], to treat the three cisplatin-resistant xenografts, XBC2, XBC3 and XBC4 (Figure 6C and Supplementary Figure 6), there was no change in tumor growth at Day 28, but the numbers of CD133 or CD146-expressing tumor cells significantly decreased (p < 0.05) (illustrated for XBC4 in Figure 6C).