This finding is counterintuitive since (i) the overexpression of IF1 inhibits mitochondrial respiration and enhances glycolysis, which is a metabolic phenotype that is enforced in proliferating invasive cells (2, 3, 5, 6), (ii) a high expression level of IF1 has been recently reported as biomarker of bad prognosis in human hepatocarcinomas (28) and in carcinomas of the lung (29), bladder (30), and stomach (31) and in gliomas (32), and (iii) the overexpression of IF1 in the liver of transgenic mice significantly contributes to an increase in hepatocarcinogenesis (46). This evidence concerns the gene ATP5IF1 and lung carcinoma.