AKT1 and cancer: Because TIM-3 targets key metabolism-related signaling pathways, such as PI3K/Akt/mTOR (157), and is highly expressed on dysfunctional or TEX cells in chronic infections (152–155, 158) and TILs in various types of cancers (159–161), it is possible that TIM-3-mediated effects alter metabolism of T effector cells in a manner similar to PD-1.