GAPDH and cancer: In mammals, GAPDH participates in membrane fusion, microtubule bundling, nuclear RNA export, DNA replication and repair and apoptosis, and it is in these non-glycolytic roles that mammalian GAPDH has been associated with various diseases including cancer (Zhang et al., 2015), viral pathogenesis (Allonso et al., 2015), Huntington's disease (Hwang et al., 2015; Mikhaylova et al., 2016), Parkinson's disease (Liu et al., 2015) and Alzheimer's disease (El Kadmiri et al., 2014).