TNF and Zika virus infectious disease: Interestingly, expression of immune regulatory molecules, including CCL3, CCL4, CCL5, TNF, IRF5, CXCL10, OAS1, TLR7, TLR8, and IL27, was highest in THP-1-derived macrophages, indicating that they are primed to mount a vigorous defense as part of the initial innate immune response to ZIKV and to elicit greater transcriptional changes in response to ZIKV infection (Figures 2E and 3B).