Thus, it is possible that the TMEM106B haplotype is related to residual cognition via multiple different processes including processes independent of TDP-43 proteinopathy, which is in line with a prior study reporting that the TMEM106B genotype and TDP-43 proteinopathy have independent contributions to cognitive impairment in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients [64]. Here, TARDBP is linked to Cognitive impairment.