ATG12 and infection: In addition, the expression of ATG8 protein (Fig. 9A) and ATG8 mRNA (Fig. 9B) were both inhibited after Ms_PE_PGRS41 infection, whereas no difference in other autophagy-related proteins such as ATG-5 (Fig. 9A and C) and ATG-12 (Fig. 9A and D), as well as other autophagy related DRAM2H, ATG-10 and ATG-4c (Fig. 5S).