TNF and pneumonia: A similar cytokine response is thought to contribute to lung injury and severe pneumonia in H7N9-infected patients.2 Mouse studies suggested that TNFα and IFNγ may help to suppress viral gene expression and increase viral clearance, while CCL2 and IL-6 may contribute to lung injury during H7N9 disease.17 Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the role of CCL2 in the context of avian IAV H7N9 disease by using the potent CCL2 synthesis inhibitor Bindarit.