CCL2 and pneumonia: Interestingly, Ccl2 gene expression was not reduced in the lungs after oral treatment with Bindarit, despite its known capability in reducing CCL2 synthesis in vitro and in vivo from earlier studies by other groups.18 Oral administration of Bindarit may be a limitation in the treatment of pneumonia, as there are difficulties in reaching therapeutic concentrations of drugs in the lungs when administered by this route.43 It remains a possibility that oral delivery of Bindarit was not completely effective or led to a systemic reduction of CCL2 production that contributed to disease enhancement.