The initial concept of anti-angiogenic therapy, in particular anti-VEGF/VEGFR therapy, was to achieve tumour growth inhibition by blocking blood vessel development in tumours and thereby depriving tumour cells of oxygen and nutrients.77 Despite success in preclinical animal models, anti-angiogenic monotherapy has failed to demonstrate an improvement in overall survival in melanoma clinical trials.77 Nonetheless, there has recently been a conceptual shift to begin using these agents to restore the tumour vasculature to its normal state, a process known as vascular normalisation. This evidence concerns the gene KDR and neoplasm.