Alternatively, the autologous CD8+ T-cells can be genetically engineered to express either tumour antigen-specific T-cell receptors (via TCR gene transfer) or chimeric antigen receptors (CAR T-cells) before ACT.6 Although CAR T-cells have demonstrated striking success in CD19-expressing haematological malignancies with objective response rates of ~90%,6 the effectiveness of this approach in melanoma and other solid tumours remains under investigation. The gene discussed is CD8A; the disease is neoplasm.