INS and diabetes mellitus: Patients with DM > 8 years, DR, or the positive diagnostic model exhibited a higher prevalence of cardiovascular disease, lower eGFR, higher UPCR (Table 1), lower hemoglobin and albumin level, and higher phosphate level and a higher prevalence of insulin and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor/angiotensin II receptor blocker treatment (Table 2), compared with patients without any of these three parameters (all P < 0.05).