However, with the source and treatment-induced change of S100A8/A9 and S100A12 expression in canine TCC/PCA being unknown and the relatively large variation in the uCalR seen in the group of TCC/PCA dogs receiving anticancer treatment, it remains to be determined whether the S100/calgranulins are part of a pro-tumorigenic [39] or anti-tumorigenic [40] signature in canine TCC/PCA [38], or if they may even have a dual role. The gene discussed is S100A12; the disease is posterior cortical atrophy.