In view of this finding, the lack of a difference in urinary S100/calgranulin concentrations between TCC/PCA dogs given an NSAID (either alone or as part of a combination protocol) and those receiving other forms of antineoplastic therapy was unexpected as metronomic NSAIDs predominantly affect the tumor-promoting inflammation [1, 38] and the expression of S100A8 and S100A9 has been indirectly linked to the cyclooxygenase (COX)-2/cAMP pathway [45, 46]. This evidence concerns the gene S100A9 and neoplasm.