Based on both of these observations in the eye and brain, we decided to explore whether or not NPD1 modulates Iduna expression using RPE cells undergoing UOS14 and in an ischemic stroke model.15 Our results demonstrate that NPD1 upregulates Iduna expression and provides protection against UOS at the cellular level in a PAR-binding-dependent fashion. Here, RNF146 is linked to ischemic stroke.